Deuteronomy 20: Bible Study And Devotional: Guidelines For The Israelites Concerning Warfare
Deuteronomy 20 provides guidelines for the Israelites concerning warfare, laying out principles that are meant to guide their conduct before, during, and after battles. Here's a breakdown of the chapter:
1. Encouragement and Trust in God (Verses 1-4)
- The chapter begins by addressing the fear that soldiers might feel when they see the strength of their enemies, particularly their horses and chariots. The Israelites are reminded not to be afraid because God, who brought them out of Egypt, is with them.
- A priest is appointed to speak to the soldiers before battle, reminding them of God's presence and encouraging them to be brave.
2. Exemptions from Military Service (Verses 5-9)
- Several exemptions are given for those who should not go into battle:
1. New homeowners who have not yet dedicated their homes.
2. Newly planted vineyard owners who have not yet enjoyed its fruits.
3. Those engaged to be married but who have not yet married.
4. Those who are afraid or faint-hearted, as their fear could spread to others.
- These exemptions ensure that only those who are fully committed and prepared to fight will go into battle.
3. Conduct towards Enemy Cities (Verses 10-15)
- When approaching a city to attack it, the Israelites must first offer terms of peace. If the city accepts the terms, the inhabitants become laborers for Israel.
- If the city refuses and instead engages in battle, the Israelites are commanded to lay siege to the city. Upon victory, all the males are to be killed, but women, children, livestock, and everything else in the city may be taken as spoils of war.
4. Treatment of Canaanite Cities (Verses 16-18)
- The instructions differ when dealing with cities within the Promised Land (Canaan). The Israelites are commanded to completely destroy the inhabitants of these cities—men, women, and children—leaving no one alive.
- This is to prevent the Israelites from being influenced by the idolatrous practices of the Canaanites, which could lead them to sin against God.
5. Environmental Considerations during Siege (Verses 19-20)
- Even in war, the Israelites are instructed to be mindful of the environment. When besieging a city, they are not to destroy fruit trees, as they can provide food.
- Non-fruit-bearing trees, however, may be cut down and used to build siege works against the city.
Summary:
Deuteronomy 20 lays out a structured approach to warfare that balances military strategy with ethical considerations. The chapter emphasizes the importance of trusting in God, the protection of the innocent and those not ready for battle, the offer of peace before conflict, the complete destruction of idolatrous influences within the Promised Land, and even care for the environment during times of war. This chapter reflects the broader themes of Deuteronomy, which include obedience to God, justice, and the maintenance of a holy community.